Re: [Vol-users] Sample error or real module? (and other questions)

Thanks gentlemen. No worries there. I didn't take it badly. Sorry for the oversight. Correcting the command gives me output, but leaves me with a new question. The string of interest seems nowhere to be found (maybe it's unicode? I'm not sure how to tell...): 0xf9805ba44800 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1b 00 01 00 28 00 00 00 ............(... 0xf9805ba44810 28 00 00 00 18 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 (............... 0xf9805ba44820 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 48 a4 83 08 a0 f8 ff ff ........H....... 0xf9805ba44830 06 09 65 f1 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..e............. 0xf9805ba44840 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 a8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 0xf9805ba44850 01 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ....@........... 0xf9805ba44860 07 00 07 00 28 00 40 00 68 00 40 00 18 00 01 00 ....(.@.h.@..... 0xf9805ba44870 38 00 20 00 04 00 02 00 0b 9e 00 00 00 00 00 00 8............... 0xf9805ba44800 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1b 00 01 00 28 00 00 00 ............(... 0xf9805ba44810 28 00 00 00 18 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 (............... 0xf9805ba44820 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 48 a4 83 08 a0 f8 ff ff ........H....... 0xf9805ba44830 06 09 65 f1 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..e............. 0xf9805ba44840 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 a8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 0xf9805ba44850 01 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ....@........... 0xf9805ba44860 07 00 07 00 28 00 40 00 68 00 40 00 18 00 01 00 ....(.@.h.@..... 0xf9805ba44870 38 00 20 00 04 00 02 00 0b 9e 00 00 00 00 00 00 8............... 0xf9805ba44880 50 14 9e 00 00 00 00 00 03 ee e4 ad 6d 83 d0 01 P...........m... 0xf9805ba44890 03 ee e4 ad 6d 83 d0 01 18 24 3a 05 d4 82 d0 01 ....m....$:..... 0xf9805ba448a0 26 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 &............... 0xf9805ba448b0 00 00 00 00 90 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 0xf9805ba448c0 a0 3f 54 90 00 00 00 00 f2 c6 e4 ad 6d 83 d0 01 .?T.........m... 0xf9805ba448d0 f2 c6 e4 ad 6d 83 d0 01 18 24 3a 05 d4 82 d0 01 ....m....$:..... Here's the string I expect to see based on the strings output: 4397692928 [kernel:f9805ba44800] Copyright (c) 1992-2004 by P.J. Plauger, licensed by Dinkumware, Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Thanks again for the help. Greg On Fri, May 15, 2015 at 11:30 AM, Michael Ligh &lt;michael.ligh(a)mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>> wrote: Hey Greg....Andrew just (to my surprise) asked me why I was being "rough" on you, so I apologize if that's how it came across...the goal was just to point out the issue as fast as possible. MHL On 5/15/15 11:15 AM, Michael Ligh wrote: >>>>>> Traceback (most recent call last): File "<console>", line 1, in >> <module> NameError: name 'f9805ba44800' is not defined >>>>> addrspace() >> <volatility.plugins.addrspaces.amd64.AMD64PagedMemory object at >> 0xbef520c> >>>>> Note that I'm using Volatilty through the VM provided for the >> most recent class in Reston, in case the version is in question. >> The profile for this sample is WIn7SP1x64. <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>>> wrote: e re f erence#volshell> >>>> On May 14, 2015, at 9:39 PM, Michael Ligh >>>> &lt;michael.ligh(a)mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> >> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>>>>> wrote: >>>>> I wouldn't think the module at 0x48706657040b0003 requires >>> investigation. Not only bc its not in the 0xfffff8 range, but >>> you might notice legitimate modules are typically loaded at >>> page aligned base addresses (not XXX0003). Your result looks >>> like a false positive and given the way modscan works (pool >>> scanning) its probably a partially overwritten structure in >>> free/deallocated memory. We *could* put a sanity check in the >>> code to suppress entries that aren't loaded at page aligned >>> addresses, but there are a few exceptions where you'll have >>> modules loaded from non-page aligned addresses. For example, >>> we just looked at a rootkit today in class that is loaded at >>> 0x81b91b80 (on a 32-bit system). Jared's advice is also good - >>> if you ever suspect something like this again, you can use >>> volshell to display the data at the alleged base address and >>> see what's there. If its not an MZ signature, then its probably >>> not a currently loaded module (but keep in mind you can >>> overwrite the MZ with 00 or anything else as a trick...but in >>> that case you'll see real executable code not too far away). >>>>>> On 5/14/15 4:31 PM, Gregory Pendergast wrote: Just as a >>>>>> follow up to my last reply, the shimcache plugin reported >>>>>> that there was no shimcache data, and the timeliner >>>>>> plugin didn't reveal anything apparently interesting >>>>>> except IE history related to the download. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On May 14, 2015, at 12:35 PM, Jared Greenhill >>>>>> &lt;jared703(a)gmail.com <mailto:jared703@gmail.com> <mailto:jared703@gmail.com <mailto:jared703@gmail.com <mailto:jared703@gmail.com <mailto:jared703@gmail.com>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>>>> Hey Greg, >>>>>>>>>>>> A couple thoughts/ideas: >>>>>>>>>>>> What was the initial reason for investigation- the >>>>>>> suspect EXE? Do you have a timeframe of the suspect >>>>>>> activity? >>>>>>>>>>>> What was the context around the suspect EXE download, >>>>>>> just the PCAP or? If so, did the memory capture occur >>>>>>> when there was still an active connection? Sometimes >>>>>>> this can be a dealbreaker when the connection isn't >>>>>>> there. >>>>>>>>>>>> Does moddump work on the module with that base >>>>>>> address? If so, what type of strings are you seeing? >>>>>>>>>>>> As far as execution goes, does the shimcache plugin >>>>>>> provide any results around the time of interest? >>>>>>> Assuming you have a time of interest, you could also >>>>>>> try the timeliner plugin to pull in other temporal >>>>>>> artifacts to hone in around that suspect time. >>>>>>>>>>>> hope this helps, Jared - @jared703 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On Tue, May 12, 2015 at 3:36 PM, Gregory Pendergast >>>>>>> &lt;greg.pendergast(a)gmail.com <mailto:greg.pendergast@gmail.com> <mailto:greg.pendergast@gmail.com <mailto:greg.pendergast@gmail.com> <mailto:greg.pendergast@gmail.com>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>>>>> Greeting, >>>>>>>>>>>> I'm examining a memory sample (captured locally with >>>>>>> winpmem_1.6.2) <yeah...i know...> >>>>>>>>>>>> Modscan shows one apparently strange module that has no >>>>>>> name and no file listed. The base address space also >>>>>>> seems way out of whack for the rest of the sample. >>>>>>>>>>>> So all i have are offset, base, and size: >>>>>>> 0x000000023a80b540 0x48706657040b0003 0xf3a54f0 >>>>>>>>>>>> In particular, that base address seems way out of range >>>>>>> compared to everything else in 0xfffff8.... space >>>>>>>>>>>> How can I tell if this is an error of some kind in the >>>>>>> captured sample versus a legitimate anomaly that bears >>>>>>> investigation? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Lastly, and pardon me if this is a n00b question, but >>>>>>> how can I determine why specific strings appear in >>>>>>> kernel memory (based on strings plugin output)? For >>>>>>> context, I have a suspicious executable download, but >>>>>>> there appears to be no evidence of the file in $MFT (I >>>>>>> don't have access to UsnJrnl) and I'm trying to find >>>>>>> out what happened to it and whether it ran. Strings >>>>>>> from the executable (ontained from pcap) do appear in >>>>>>> Free Memory and Kernel memory, but I'm not clear >>>>>>> whether that's a symptom of the download or a sign of >>>>>>> execution. >>>>>>>>>>>> Thanks, greg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On May 11, 2015, at 11:30 AM, Torres, Geoff (Cyber >>>>>>>>> Security) >>>>>>>> &lt;geoff.torres(a)hp.com <mailto:geoff.torres@hp.com> <mailto:geoff.torres@hp.com <mailto:geoff.torres@hp.com <mailto:geoff.torres@hp.com <mailto:geoff.torres@hp.com>>>>>>>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Thanks Michael, >>>>>>>>>>>>>> I confirm that I now see what I was expecting. >>>>>>>> Sorry for the >>>>>>> rookie mistake. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> I *really* need to get to your class... >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Geoff >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Don't be afraid to tell me I'm doing something >>>>>>>>> stupid... :-) >>>>>>>>>>>>>> I only said that because I didn't think I was... >>>>>>>> :-P >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> -----Original Message----- From: >>>>>>>> vol-users-bounces(a)volatilityfoundation.org <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org>>>] On Behalf <mailto:vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>> <mailto:vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>> Subject: Re: [Vol-users] Output of strings not found >>>>>>>> in memdump >>>>>>> output - QEMU/QEVM sample >>>>>> Hi Geoff, >>>>>>>>>> The key to get strings working is to make sure you have a >>>>>> raw >>>>>>>> memory dump. lqs2mem *should* give you that, however >>>>>>>> I've not personally used it before. >>>>>>>>>> One discrepancy I see with your logic is regarding this >>>>>> line: >>>>>>>>>> memory_dump.ram.vol.strings:183190042 [3156:0189321a] >>>>>>>> <Search_String> >>>>>>>>>> It tells you the search string is at virtual address >>>>>> 0189321a in >>>>>>>> pid 3156. You then dumped the *executable* for pid >>>>>>>> 3156 which gives you memory from the base of the exe >>>>>>>> 400000 to its base + size (nowhere near 0189321a). >>>>>>>>>> Try using the memdump or vaddump plugins on 3156 instead. >>>>>> That >>>>>>>> will give you ALL of the process's addressable >>>>>>>> memory, not just the range that contains the exe. >>>>>>>>>> MHL >>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 5/7/15 3:03 PM, Torres, Geoff (Cyber Security) >>>>>>>>>> wrote: Hi, >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Sorry for the 'me too' response, but I'm having >>>>>>>>>> this exact same problem. However, the main >>>>>>>>>> difference is that I'm using a 'QEMU' memory >>>>>>>>>> image (Hex dump sig is QEVM in the first 4 bytes) >>>>>>>>>> from a >>>>>>>> cloud >>>>>>>>>> instance. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I've converted these in the past using the >>>>>>>>>> 'lqs2mem' tool >>>>>>>> written by >>>>>>>>>> Juerg Haefliger and Andrew Tappert and it's >>>>>>>>>> worked perfectly >>>>>>>> for the >>>>>>>>>> 'netscan' and 'ps' type plugins. However, I >>>>>>>>>> haven't needed to dump processes before and look >>>>>>>>>> for specific strings. I can locate the strings >>>>>>>>>> in the converted image, but it's not translating >>>>>>>>>> to the processes that are identified by the >>>>>>>>>> 'strings' plugin. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Here's the steps I've been taking - >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ## Memory dump info >>>>>>>>>>> ll memory_dump >>>>>>>>>> -rw------- 1 geoff citsirt 7579914273 Apr 27 >>>>>>>>>> 13:36 memory_dump >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> file memory_dump >>>>>>>>>> memory_dump: QEMU suspend to disk image >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> xxd memory_dump | head -n1 >>>>>>>>>> 0000000: 5145 564d 0000 0003 0100 0000 0105 626c >>>>>>>>>> QEVM..........bl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ## Convert the dump >>>>>>>>>>> lqs2mem -w pc.ram memory_dump memory_dump.ram >>>>>>>>>> section = pc.ram size = >>>>>>>>>> 8192 [MB] 8589934592 [bytes] section = pc.bios >>>>>>>>>> size = 128 [KB] 131072 [bytes] section = >>>>>>>>>> pc.rom size = 128 [KB] 131072 [bytes] >>>>>>>>>> section = vga.vram size = 16 [MB] 16777216 >>>>>>>>>> [bytes] section = 0000:00:02.0/cirrus_vga.rom >>>>>>>>>> size = 64 [KB] 65536 [bytes] Wrote 8589934592 >>>>>>>>>> bytes from section 'pc.ram' to file >>>>>>>>>> memory_dump.ram >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ## Create the strings file >>>>>>>>>>> strings -a -t d memory_dump.ram > >>>>>>>>>>> memory_dump.ram.strings >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> strings -a -t d -el memory_dump.ram >>>>>>>>>>> memory_dump.ram.strings >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ## Create the volatility strings file >>>>>>>>>>> python >>>>>>>>>>> /data/download/apps/forensic_tools/volatility/vol.py >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> -f memory_dump.ram --profile=Win2008SP2x64 strings >>>>>>>>>>> -s --output-file=memory_dump.ram.vol.strings >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ll memory_dump.ram.strings >>>>>>>>>>> memory_dump.ram.vol.strings >>>>>>>>>> -rw-rw-r-- 1 geoff citsirt 2914258187 May 7 >>>>>>>>>> 08:58 memory_dump.ram.strings -rw-rw-r-- 1 geoff >>>>>>>>>> citsirt 4292775089 May 7 12:17 >>>>>>>>>> memory_dump.ram.vol.strings >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ## '<Search_String>' is found in both string >>>>>>>>>> files as expected >>>>>>>>>>> fgrep <Search_String> memory_dump.ram.strings >>>>>>>>>>> memory_dump.ram.vol.strings >>>>>>>>>> memory_dump.ram.strings:183190042 <Search_String> >>>>>>>>>> memory_dump.ram.vol.strings:183190042 >>>>>>>>>> [3156:0189321a] >>>>>>>> <Search_String> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ## Dump process 3156 as identified by volatility >>>>>>>>>>> python >>>>>>>>>>> /data/download/apps/forensic_tools/volatility/vol.py >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> -f memory_dump.ram --profile=Win2008SP2x64 procdump >>>>>>>>>>> -p 3156 -D processes -m >>>>>>>>>> Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4 >>>>>>>>>> Process(V) ImageBase Name Result >>>>>>>>>> ------------------ ------------------ >>>>>>>>>> -------------------- ------ 0xfffffa800a4e6370 >>>>>>>>>> 0x0000000000400000 iwproxy.exe OK: >>>>>>>>>> executable.3156.exe >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ll processes/executable.3156.exe >>>>>>>>>> -rw-rw-r-- 1 geoff citsirt 3248128 May 7 12:35 >>>>>>>>>> processes/executable.3156.exe >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ## '<Search_String>' not found in the dumped >>>>>>>>>> executable >>>>>>>>>>> strings -a processes/executable.3156.exe | >>>>>>>>>>> fgrep <Search_String> strings -a -el >>>>>>>>>>> processes/executable.3156.exe | fgrep >>>>>>>>>>> <Search_String> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I've tried many different variations of the above >>>>>>>>>> steps and all have the same results. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> According to what I've read in this thread is >>>>>>>>>> that the issue is to make sure the original dump >>>>>>>>>> is properly converted. How can I do that? >>>>>>>>>> 'lqs2mem' has limited options. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Any ideas on what I can do differently to get >>>>>>>>>> this to work? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Thanks, >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Geoff >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Don't be afraid to tell me I'm doing something >>>>>>>>>> stupid... :-) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> -----Original Message----- From: >>>>>>>>>> vol-users-bounces(a)volatilityfoundation.org <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org>>>> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users-bounces@volatilityfoundation.org>>>] On Behalf <mailto:vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>> Subject: Re: >>>>>>>> [Vol-users] Output of >>>>>>>>>> strings not found in memdump output >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Perfect! Glad to hear all is good in the world >>>>>>>>>> ;-) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> MHL >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 3/24/15 5:05 AM, Bridgey theGeek wrote: >>>>>>>>>>> Awesome, thanks Michael. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I generated a raw dump as follows, with the >>>>>>>>>>> vmsn and vmem files in the same folder: $ >>>>>>>>>>> python vol.py -f winxp.vmem >>>>>>>>>>> --profile=WinXPSP2x86 imagecopy -O winxp.raw >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Then ran strings again (having generated a new >>>>>>>>>>> input text file because of course the offsets >>>>>>>>>>> will be different): $ python vol.py -f >>>>>>>>>>> winxp.raw --profile=WinXPSP2x86 strings -s >>>>>>>>>>> pk.txt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I was then able to find the banner at the >>>>>>>>>>> offsets reported by strings. And all was good >>>>>>>>>>> in the world. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Thank you very much for the support. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Adam >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 23 March 2015 at 19:39, Michael Ligh >>>>>>>>>>> &lt;michael.ligh(a)mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> >>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> >>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> >>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> >> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>>>>>>>>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Hey Adam, >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> A few things: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> * Yes, vmss2core creates a windows crash dump >>>>>>>>>>> * You can use volatility on the original >>>>>>>>>>> vmem/vmss by doing the following: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> * make sure both vmem and vmss files are in the >>>>>>>>>>> same dir * make sure they have the same base >>>>>>>>>>> name (i.e. test.vmem and test.vmss) * run your >>>>>>>>>>> volatility plugins against the vmem >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> In this case, it would also be required to >>>>>>>>>>> generate a raw memory dump before running >>>>>>>>>>> strings. So you would use imagecopy on the >>>>>>>>>>> vmem. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> LMK if that helps! Michael >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 3/23/15 10:51 AM, Bridgey theGeek wrote: >>>>>>>>>>>> Hi Michael, >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> *sigh* When will I learn to check the origin >>>>>>>>>>>> of my samples?! >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> The guy who provided me with the sample >>>>>>>>>>>> tells me that he took a snapshot of a VMWare >>>>>>>>>>>> machine and then used vss2core to convert it. >>>>>>>>>>>> I BELIEVE that makes it into a Windows Memory >>>>>>>>>>>> Core Dump..? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I got hold of the original vmem and vmsn >>>>>>>>>>>> files. Trying to use imagecopy on the vmsn >>>>>>>>>>>> just replicated the input file. I think the >>>>>>>>>>>> header is not what Volatility would expect: >>>>>>>>>>>> $ xxd Windows\ XP\ Pro\ SP2\ >>>>>>>>>>>> \(32-bit\)-Snapshot49.vmsn |head 0000000: >>>>>>>>>>>> d2be d2be 0800 0000 6300 0000 4368 6563 >>>>>>>>>>>> ........c...Chec 0000010: 6b70 6f69 6e74 0000 >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 0000 0000 0000 kpoint.......... >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000020: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 ................ 0000030: 0000 0000 0000 >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 fc1e >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 ................ 0000050: 0000 0000 ab03 >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 0000 0000 4775 6573 ............Gues >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000060: 7456 6172 7300 0000 0000 0000 0000 >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 tVars........... 0000070: 0000 0000 0000 >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000080: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 ................ 0000090: 0000 0000 0000 >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 0000 0000 a722 0000 .............".. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Does that mean I can't use this with >>>>>>>>>>>> Volatility? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Thank you, Adam >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 23 March 2015 at 14:57, Michael Ligh >>>>>>>> &lt;michael.ligh(a)mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> >>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> >> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> >>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> >>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>>>>>>>> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org> >> <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org <mailto:michael.ligh@mnin.org>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Hey Adam, >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> We forgot to ask if the sample was a raw >>>>>>>>>>>> memory dump. For example: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> $ xxd ~/Desktop/memory.dmp | less >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0000000: 5041 4745 4455 4d50 0f00 0000 280a >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 PAGEDUMP....(... 0000010: 8001 6c07 >>>>>>>>>>>> 00c0 e680 a031 5580 5892 5580 >>>>>>>>>>>> ..l......1U.X.U. 0000020: 4c01 0000 0100 0000 >>>>>>>>>>>> 8000 0000 5444 4f00 L...........TDO. 0000030: >>>>>>>>>>>> 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 5041 4745 >>>>>>>>>>>> ............PAGE 0000040: 5041 4745 5041 4745 >>>>>>>>>>>> 5041 4745 5041 4745 PAGEPAGEPAGEPAGE >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> If its something like a crash dump, >>>>>>>>>>>> hibernation, etc then the file format >>>>>>>>>>>> headers throw off the offsets. You can >>>>>>>>>>>> convert those special file types into a raw >>>>>>>>>>>> memory dump with the imagecopy plugin and >>>>>>>>>>>> then your strings translations should be >>>>>>>>>>>> accurate. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cheers! MHL >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 3/23/15 8:54 AM, Bridgey theGeek wrote: >>>>>>>>>>>>> Hi Andrew, >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I was certain I was running the latest >>>>>>>>>>>>> version, but just to be sure I grabbed the >>>>>>>>>>>>> latest version. Same result, same offsets. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I can make the sample available, but more >>>>>>>>>>>>> than happy to do whatever debugging needs >>>>>>>>>>>>> doing (if I can!) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Adam >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 23 March 2015 at 13:03, Andrew Case >>>>>>>>>>>>> &lt;atcuno(a)gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com> >>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Are you using the latest git checkout of >>>>>>>>>>>>> Volatility or the 2.4 release? Can you try >>>>>>>>>>>>> the latest checkout and re-run Volatility >>>>>>>>>>>>> strings (you can run it on just the >>>>>>>>>>>>> offsets from PID 123 to make it faster). >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> If you are already on the latest checkout >>>>>>>>>>>>> then we will need to debug further. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Thanks, Andrew (@attrc) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 03/23/2015 04:38 AM, Bridgey theGeek >>>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote: Thanks Andrew: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> python vol.py --profile=WinXPSP2x86 -f >>>>>>>>>>>>>> memory.dmp volshell -p 123 Volatility >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4 >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Current context: myapp.exe @ 0x822042f8, >>>>>>>>>>>>>> pid=123, ppid=392 >>>>>>>>>>>>> DTB=0x76c0040 >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Welcome to volshell! Current memory image >>>>>>>>>>>>>> is: file:///home/memory.dmp To get >>>>>>>>>>>>>> help, type 'hh()' >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> db(0x75b6b4d8) >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x75b6b4d8 c3 7c 15 c7 85 00 ff ff ff >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 01 00 00 00 75 09 8d .|...........u.. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x75b6b4e8 85 0c ff ff ff 50 ff 17 39 9d >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 00 ff ff ff 89 85 .....P..9....... >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x75b6b4f8 30 ff ff ff 74 12 6a 0c 8d 85 >>>>>>>>>>>>>> c4 fe ff ff 50 6a 0...t.j.......Pj >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x75b6b508 07 6a fe e8 ea 92 ff ff 83 bd >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 28 ff ff ff 0c 0f .j........(..... >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x75b6b518 84 8c 59 00 00 e9 18 ff ff ff >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 90 90 47 00 6c 00 ..Y.........G.l. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x75b6b528 6f 00 62 00 61 00 6c 00 5c 00 >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 54 00 65 00 72 00 o.b.a.l.\.T.e.r. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x75b6b538 6d 00 53 00 72 00 76 00 52 00 >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 65 00 61 00 64 00 m.S.r.v.R.e.a.d. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x75b6b548 79 00 45 00 76 00 65 00 6e 00 >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 74 00 00 00 90 90 y.E.v.e.n.t..... >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Nope, still no banner. But it is >>>>>>>>>>>>>> identical to what I find at >>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x1a34d8 in >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 123.dmp. (As you'd expect.) >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Double-checked that I was searching >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Unicode and ASCII - still no luck. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Hmmm. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Adam >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 23 March 2015 at 04:02, Andrew Case >>>>>>>>>>>>>> &lt;atcuno(a)gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>> <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com <mailto:atcuno@gmail.com>>>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Can do you: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> vol.py ... volshell -p 123 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Then in volshell do: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> db(0x75b6b4d8) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> And see if you get the banner printed at >>>>>>>>>>>>>> the beginning? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Also, how are you searching 123.dmp? Did >>>>>>>>>>>>>> you search ascii & >>>>>>>>>>>>> unicode >>>>>>>>>>>>>> (most common error) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Thanks, Andrew (@attrc) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 03/20/2015 03:59 PM, Bridgey theGeek >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote: Hi all, >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I can't quite see what's wrong with my >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> logic here, but I must be >>>>>>>>>>>>>> missing >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> something. Hoping someone can help me >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> out. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I'm looking for a private key in a >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> memory sample (WinXPSP2x86). >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Specifically, to find out which >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> process/es is/are accessing it. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I can find the key by searching the raw >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> memory dump >>>>>>>>>>>>> (memory.dmp). >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> As you might expect it's between: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I generated an offset:string file by >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> using strings. Then, using the strings >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> plugin I get this output: $ python >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> vol.py -f memory.dmp >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> --profile=WinXPSP2x86 strings >>>>>>>>>>>>> -s pk.txt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Volatility Foundation Volatility >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Framework 2.4 188435934 [FREE >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> MEMORY:-1] -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> KEY----- 188435968 [FREE MEMORY:-1] >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- 317375704 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> [kernel:d2ab24d8] -----BEGIN RSA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> PRIVATE KEY----- 317376575 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> [kernel:d2ab283f] -----END RSA PRIVATE >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> KEY----- 417203416 [123:75b6b4d8] >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 417204287 [123:75b6b83f] -----END RSA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> PRIVATE KEY----- 419888606 [FREE >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> MEMORY:-1] -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> KEY----- 419888640 [FREE MEMORY:-1] >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Lovely. So I now do a memdump of >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> process 123: $ python vol.py -f >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> memory.dmp --profile=WinXPSP2x86 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> memdump >>>>>>>>>>>>> --pid=123 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> --dump-dir=123 Volatility Foundation >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Volatility Framework 2.4 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> *************************************************************** * >>>>>> * >>>>>>> *** >>>>>>>> * >>>>>>> * >>>>>> ** >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Writing myapp.exe [ 123] to 123.dmp >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> However, if I search 123.dmp neither >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the BEGIN or END >>>>>>>>>>>>> strings are >>>>>>>>>>>>>> present. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> So I thought I'd try and find it via >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the virtual address give, >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x75b6b4d8: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> $ python vol.py -f memory.dmp >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> --profile=WinXPSP2x86 memmap >>>>>>>>>>>>> --pid=123 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Virtual Physical Size >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> DumpFileOffset ---------- ---------- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ---------- -------------- --SNIP-- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x75b6b000 0x18de0000 0x1000 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x1a3000 --SNIP-- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> The text is indeed at 0x18de04d8 in >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> memory.dmp, but not at >>>>>>>>>>>>> 0x1a34d8 in >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 123.dmp. Again, it's no where to be >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> found in 123.dmp. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Any suggestions..?? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Many thanks, Adam >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Vol-users mailing list >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Vol-users(a)volatilityfoundation.org <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>> e >>>>>>>>>>>>> r >>>>>>>>>>>>>> s >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________ >>>>>>>>>>>>> Vol-users mailing list >>>>>>>>>>>>> Vol-users(a)volatilityfoundation.org <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>> s >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________ Vol-users >>>>>>>>>> mailing list Vol-users(a)volatilityfoundation.org <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________ Vol-users >>>>>>>>>> mailing list Vol-users(a)volatilityfoundation.org <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________ >>>>>>>> Vol-users mailing list Vol-users(a)volatilityfoundation.org <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________ Vol-users >>>>>>>> mailing list Vol-users(a)volatilityfoundation.org <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________ Vol-users mailing >>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________ Vol-users mailing >>> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org>>>>>>>> >>>> _______________________________________________ Vol-users mailing <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> <mailto:Vol-users@volatilityfoundation.org> _______________________________________________ Vol-users mailing list Vol-users(a)volatilityfoundation.org http://lists.volatilityfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/vol-users